The list of diseases linked to smoking just got longer. This after Surgeon General Richard Carmona release his new assessment of smoking reporting that smoking causes a number of diseases not previously attributed to smoking. These diseases includes the following:

• acute myeloid leukemia
• cervical cancer
• cancer of the kidney
• pancreatic cancer
• cancer of the stomach
• abdominal aortic aneurysm
• cataracts
• periodontitis
• pneumonia

The report also said that smoking may also cause the following diseases, though findings are still inconclusive:

• colorectal cancer
• liver cancer
• prostate cancer
• erectile dysfunction

Dr. Carmona's report also show that though smoking may not cause breast cancer in women, it may still increase their risk of getting breast cancer if they smoke, depending on their genes.

Studies all over the world have also concluded that smoking takes an average of 13 to 14 years off of a life of smokers, mostly due to illnesses like cancer of the bladder, esophagus, larynx, lung, mouth, throat. Smoking also has been linked to chronic lung disease, chronic heart and cardiovascular disease as well as reproductive problems.

About 440,000 Americans die of smoking-related diseases each year. The report said more than 12 million people have died from smoking-related diseases in the 40 years since the first surgeon general’s report on smoking and health was released in 1964.

That first report linked smoking to lung and larynx cancer and chronic bronchitis. Subsequent reports, like the one released Thursday, have expanded the list of diseases linked to smoking.

The report says treating smoking-related diseases costs the nation $75 billion annually. The loss of productivity from smoking is estimated to be $82 billion annually.

The number of people who smoke has dropped from about 42 percent in 1965 to about 22 percent in 2002, the last year for which such data is available, according to the surgeon general.

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Each time you puff on a cigarette, you introduce not only nicotine (a drug) into your body, but also hundreds of other toxic chemicals and carcinogens (some that can kill insects on contact, others that are used to embalm dead bodies). You probably know that cigarette smoking is harmful to your health, increasing your risk for heart disease, lung cancer, and stroke, but did you know that cigarette smoking is one of the main killers in the world? According to the Center for Disease Control, cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death, accounting for approximately 1 of every 5 deaths (440,000 people) in the United States each year (2003).

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After analyzing many applicable studies and products currently sold on the market, we have developed a revolutionary formula, found in Zero Nico Patch, which guarantees smoking cessation in a very short period. Withdrawal symptoms will be milder due to the all-natural nicotine substitute, which helps you shake the nicotine habit gradually, with less physical and emotional stress. Furthermore, to help you through the process, Zero Nico's herbal formulation helps decrease the anxiety and depression that affect most people who are trying to quit smoking.

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Heart disease is an umbrella term for a number of different diseases affecting the heart. And as of 2007, it is the leading cause of death in the United States, England, Canada and Wales, killing one person every 34 seconds in the United States alone. There are several types of heart disease, such as:

Coronary heart disease - a disease of the artery caused by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the arteries that supply the myocardium. Angina pectoris (chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack) are symptoms of and conditions caused by coronary heart disease.

Over 451,000 Americans die of coronary heart disease every year. In the United Kingdom, 101,000 deaths annually are due to coronary heart disease.

Cardiomyopathy - literally means "heart muscle disease". It is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia and/or sudden cardiac death. There are two kinds of cardiomyopathy, extrinsic and intrinsic cardiomyopathies.

Extrinsic cardiomyopathies are cardiomyopathies where the primary pathology is outside the myocardium itself. Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by far the most common cause of a cardiomyopathy is ischemia. The World Health Organization calls these specific cardiomyopathies:

• Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
• Coronary artery disease
• Congenital heart disease
• Nutritional diseases affecting the heart
• Ischemic (or ischaemic) cardiomyopathy
• Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
• Valvular cardiomyopathy
• Inflammatory cardiomyopathy
• Cardiomyopathy secondary to a systemic metabolic disease

Intrinsic cardiomyopathies are weaknesses in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause.

• Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) - most common form, and one of the leading indications for heart transplantation. In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle) is enlarged and the pumping function is diminished.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) - genetic disorder caused by various mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. In HCM the heart muscle is thickened, which can obstruct blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
• Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) - arises from an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The right ventricle is generally most affected.
• Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) - least common cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood.
• Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy - the left ventricle wall has failed to properly grow from birth and such has a spongy appearance when viewed during an echocardiogram.

Cardiovascular disease is any of a number of specific diseases that affect the heart itself and/or the blood vessel system, especially the veins and arteries leading to and from the heart. Research on disease dimorphism suggests that women who suffer with cardiovascular disease usually suffer from forms that affect the blood vessels while men usually suffer from forms that affect the heart muscle itself. Known or associated causes of cardiovascular disease include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia.

Ischaemic heart disease is another disease of the heart itself, characterized by reduced blood supply to the organs.

Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure (or CHF) and congestive cardiac failure (CCF), is a condition that can result from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart to fill with or pump a sufficient amount of blood throughout the body.

Hypertensive heart disease is heart disease caused by high blood pressure, especially localised high blood pressure. Conditions that can be caused by hypertensive heart disease include:

• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Coronary heart disease
• (Congestive) heart failure
• Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
• Cardiac arrhythmias

Inflammatory heart disease involves inflammation of the heart muscle and/or the tissue surrounding it.

• Endocarditis - inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The most common structures involved are the heart valves.
• Inflammatory cardiomegaly
• Myocarditis - inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart.

Valvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more valves of the heart. The valves in the right side of the heart are the tricuspid valve and the pulmonic valve. The valves in the left side of the heart are the mitral valve and the aortic valve.

• Aortic valve stenosis
• Mitral valve prolapse
• Valvular cardiomyopathy

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Asthma is a chronic condition involving the respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict, become inflamed, and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus, often in response to one or more triggers. These episodes may be triggered by such things as exposure to an environmental stimulant such as an allergen, environmental tobacco smoke, cold or warm air, perfume, pet dander, moist air, exercise or exertion, or emotional stress. In children, the most common triggers are viral illnesses such as those that cause the common cold. This airway narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The airway constriction responds to bronchodilators. Between episodes, most patients feel well but can have mild symptoms and they may remain short of breath after exercise for longer periods of time than the unaffected individual. The symptoms of asthma, which can range from mild to life threatening, can usually be controlled with a combination of drugs and environmental changes.

Asthma is caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors that researchers do not fully understand yet. These factors can also influence how severe a person’s asthma is and how well they respond to medication. As with other complex diseases, many genetic and environmental factors have been suggested as causes of asthma, but not all of them have been replicated. In addition, as researchers detangle the complex causes of asthma, it is becoming more evident that certain environmental and genetic factors may only affect asthma when combined.

The hygiene hypothesis is a theory about the cause of asthma and other allergic disease, and is supported by epidemiologic data for asthma. For example, asthma prevalence has been increasing in developed countries along with increased use of antibiotics, c-sections, and cleaning products. All of these things may negatively affect exposure to beneficial bacteria and other immune system modulators that are important during development, and thus may cause increased risk for asthma and allergy.

Many environmental risk factors have been associated with asthma, including the following:

• Poor air quality, from traffic pollution or high ozone levels, has been repeatedly associated with increased asthma morbidity and has a suggested association with asthma development that needs further research.
• Environmental tobacco smoke, especially maternal cigarette smoking, is associated with high risk of asthma prevalence and asthma morbidity, wheeze, and respiratory infections.
• Viral respiratory infections at an early age, along with siblings and day care exposure, may be protective against asthma, although there have been controversial results, and this protection may depend on genetic context.
• Antibiotic use early in life has been linked to development of asthma in several examples; it is thought that antibiotics make one susceptible to development of asthma because they modify gut flora, and thus the immune system (as described by the hygiene hypothesis).
• Caesarean sections have been associated with asthma when compared with vaginal birth; a meta-analysis found a 20% increase in asthma prevalence in children delivered by Caesarean section compared to those who were not. It was proposed that this is due to modified bacterial exposure during Caesarean section compared with vaginal birth, which modifies the immune system (as described by the hygiene hypothesis).
• Psychological stress on the part of a child's caregiver has been associated with asthma, and is an area of active research. Stress can modify behaviors that affect asthma, like smoking, but research suggests that stress has other effects as well. There is growing evidence that stress may influence asthma and other diseases by influencing the immune system.

Over 100 genes have also been associated with asthma in at least one genetic association study. However through the end of 2005, only 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations:

• GSTM1
• IL10
• CTLA4
• SPINK5
• LTC4S
• LTA
• GRPA
• NOD1
• CC16
• GSTP1
• STAT6
• NOS1
• CCL5
• TBXA2R
• TGFB1
• IL4
• IL13
• CD14
• ADRB2 (ß-2 adrenergic receptor)
• HLA-DRB1
• HLA-DQB1
• TNF
• FCER1B
• IL4R
• ADAM33

Many of these genes are related to the immune system or to modulating inflammation. However, even among this list of highly replicated genes associated with asthma, the results have not been consistent among all of the populations that have been tested. This indicates that these genes are not associated with asthma under every condition, and that researchers need to do further investigation to figure out the complex interactions that cause asthma.

In some individuals asthma is characterized by chronic respiratory impairment. In others it is an intermittent illness marked by episodic symptoms that may result from a number of triggering events, including upper respiratory infection, stress, airborne allergens, air pollutants (such as smoke or traffic fumes), or exercise. Some or all of the following symptoms may be present in those with asthma: dyspnea, wheezing, stridor, coughing, an inability for physical exertion. Some asthmatics who have severe shortness of breath and tightening of the lungs never wheeze or have stridor and their symptoms may be confused with a COPD-type disease.

Signs of an asthmatic episode include wheezing, prolonged expiration, a rapid heart rate (tachycardia), rhonchous lung sounds (audible through a stethoscope), the presence of a paradoxical pulse (a pulse that is weaker during inhalation and stronger during exhalation), and over-inflation of the chest. During a serious asthma attack, the accessory muscles of respiration (sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles of the neck) may be used, shown as in-drawing of tissues between the ribs and above the sternum and clavicles.

There are several known solutions for asthma and shortness of breath that have been tried all these years. But recently, a faster and more effective way to stop this condition have been found. And not only that, it is also safe because it is 100% natural. And it is called No-Gasp.

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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), is the most common form of persistent arthritis in children. JIA is sometimes referred to as juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), a term that is not precise as JIA does not encompass all forms of chronic childhood arthritis. Arthritis is the inflammation of the synovium (the lining tissues) of a joint.

JIA is a subset of arthritis seen in childhood, which may be transient and self-limited or chronic. It differs significantly from arthritis commonly seen in adults (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis), and other types of arthritis that can present in childhood which are chronic conditions (e.g. psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis).

Symptoms of JIA are often non-specific initially, and include lethargy, reduced physical activity, and poor appetite (often due to medication). The first manifestation, particularly in young children, may be limping. Children may also become quite ill, presenting with flu-like syptoms that persist. The cardinal clinical feature is persistent swelling of the affected joints, which commonly include the knee, ankle, wrist and small joints of the hands and feet. Swelling may be difficult to detect clinically, especially for joints such as those of the spine, sacroiliac joints, shoulder, hip and jaw, where imaging techniques such as ultrasound or MRI are very useful.

Pain is an important feature of JIA, but young children may have difficulty in communicating this symptom. Late effects of arthritis include joint contracture (stiff, bent joint) and joint damage. Children with JIA vary in the degree to which they are affected by particular symptoms.

The cause of JIA is unknown and currently an area of active research. Current understanding of JIA suggests that it arises in a genetically susceptible individual due to environmental factors.

There are three major types of JIA:

• oligoarticular JIA - affects 5 or fewer joints in the first 6 months of illness. It was previously known as pauciarticular JIA.
• polyarticular JIA - affects 5 or more joints in the first 6 months of disease. This subtype can include the affect of the neck and jaw as well as the small joints usually affected. This type of JIA is more common in small girls to that of boys.
• systemic JIA (Still's Disease) - is characterized by arthritis, fever and a salmon pink rash. Systemic JIA can be challenging to diagnose because the fever and rash come and go. It affects males and females equally, unlike the other two subtypes of JIA. Systemic JIA may have internal organ involvement and lead to serositis (e.g. pericarditis).

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis affects an estimated 300,000 children in the United States. Of these children, 50 percent have pauciarticular JIA, 40 percent have polyarticular JIA and 10 percent have systemic JIA.

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Viagra, which is also called sildenefil citrate, is a drug used for treating male impotence or erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This product was developed and being sold by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. It is also being sold by other pharmaceutical companies as Revatio, Cialis (tadalafil), and Levitra (vardenafil).

Though these products promised that it can cure ED and PAH, there are also various health risks involved in the consumption of it. First of all are the contraindications it has including:

• When taking nitric oxide donors, organic nitrites and nitrates, such as glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin), sodium nitroprusside, amyl nitrite ("poppers")
• In men for whom sexual intercourse is inadvisable due to cardiovascular risk factors
• Severe hepatic impairment (decreased liver function)
• Severe impairment in renal function
• Hypotension (low blood pressure)
• Recent stroke or heart attack
• Hereditary degenerative retinal disorders (including genetic disorders of retinal phosphodiesterases)

Also, taking these product may also have different side effects such as:

• sneezing
• headache
• flushing
• dyspepsia
• cardiac palpitation
• photophobia

More serious side effects of taking Viagra includes:

• priapism
• severe hypotension
• myocardial infarction
• ventricular arrhythmias
• stroke
• increased intraocular pressure

Men taking protease inhibitors in treating their HIV infections should cautiously use sildenafil citrate, because protease inhibitors inhibit the body's metabolism of sildenafil, so multiplying the sildenafil level in the blood plasma, thereby increasing the possible incidence and severity of side-effects. Men using protease inhibitors should limit using sildenafil to no more than one 25mg dose every 48 hours.

Some sildenafil users have complained of cyanopsia, blue-tinted eyesight. Some complained of blurred vision and decreased peripheral vision. In May of 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration found that sildenafil use might cause impaired eyesight, moreover, some studies have linked sildenafil use with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

In October 2007, the FDA announced that all PDE5 inhibitors — including sildenafil — require more prominent warning of the potential risk of sudden deafness, learned from post-marketing reports citing deafness associated with using PDE5 inhibitors.

When sildenafil citrate is used while also taking an alpha blocker, hypotension might occur, but sudden low blood pressure does not occur if the doses (tablets) are consumed at an inter-dose interval of at least four hours.

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Horny goat weed gives you everything that expect from a sexual enhancement pill minus the side-effects. Horny goat weed is a safe, legal and cheap substitute to other pharmaceutical pills that promises cure for male impotence. It’s not only economical, but also requires no prescription from your doctor. The natural elements ensure that you achieve maximum pleasure and contentment in the safest way.

Horny Goat Weed supports and enhances:

• erectile dysfunction
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• orgasms
• performance

Horny Goat Weed works by increasing nitric oxide levels, which relax smooth muscle. This lets more blood flow to the penis and other smooth muscle.

In addition to this mechanism, it also acts as a mild PDE-5 inhibitor. As more blood flows to the genitals parts, PDE-5 metabolizes the nitric oxide almost as fast as it is being produced to keep it in check. This is called priapism. Viagra works by blocking the production of the PDE-5 enzyme. Horny Goat Weed produces small amount of PDE-5 inhibitors within safe levels.

Horny goat weed is absolutely safe, natural and has no known side-effects. Horny goat weed is risk free & effective even among individuals suffering other ailments such as heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes etc.

The leaves & the stems are the only parts used. They are either dried & powdered or used as a liquid herbal extract. The leaves of Epimedium hold a mixture of flavonoids, polysaccharides, sterols and an alkaloid called magnaflorine. This herb has a reputation to reinstate sexual drive, improve erectile function & relieve fatigue.

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